This text is devoted to the problem of relevance in modern legal theory and philosophy. The concept of “relevance” goes beyond simple innovation and is associated with the need to respond to the challenges of the time, remove obstacles and solve urgent problems. In legal science, there is a gap between traditional dogmatics and changing legal reality, which requires rethinking its methodology and turning to the philosophical foundations of law. The article considers the historical and philosophical context in which law ceases to be an unchanging entity and becomes a means of communication between subjects who are faced with the practical task of legal protection of their interests. The author analyzes the crisis of the legal system in the 20th century and raises the question of responsibility as a methodological principle of the philosophy of law. The rethinking of legal concepts and the purpose of legal institutions is not in all cases subordinated to the interests of the law itself, which in the implementation of political projects sometimes loses its fundamental properties. In conclusion, the fundamental features of modern legal dogmatics are emphasized, the basis of which were the ideas about the subject developed in postclassical philosophy.

Through multi-scale mental experiments in philosophy and legal science, existential and legal conflicts are constructed in their extreme and simultaneously figurative form. The study of the thought experiment known as the Pufendorf plank of salvation, conducted in the context of microhistory and based on the methodology of hermeneutics and historical criticism, showed that it originated in the creativity of Carneades, an orator and supporter of the pyrrhonist trend of Greek philosophy of the 2nd century BC. The decisive factor in the unofficial recognition of the German lawyer of the XVII century Samuel Pufendorf authorship presumably was the public and academic success of his theory in general and the well-balanced, taking into account the circumstances of the time, construction of the institution of excused necessity in particular. The allegory of the plank of salvation was used by speculators of different epochs and schools, who adjusted its fabula in their own mode and interpreted its semantic potential in different ways. Jurisprudence is interested in the contours and mechanisms of objectified and formalized regulation of socially relevant human activity, while philosophy is interested in the measure of combinability of its internal and external determinants. Both lines converge at the point of analyzing borderline situations, one of the varieties of which is the infliction of harm in a state of extreme necessity. Therefore, the hypothetical model of the salvation plank is actualized at the points of intersection of philosophical and theoretical-legal forms of rational reflection.

Introduction. The paradigm prevailing in domestic science, which defines the system of law through its internal structure (norms → institutions → branches), is based on terminological confusion. From the perspective of general systems theory: Structure is the internal form of a phenomenon, a stable configuration of connections between its parts. A System is a delimited set of interacting elements forming a new quality and integrity. Consequently, a legal norm, being itself a complex formation (hypothesis, disposition, sanction), cannot be the primary element of the legal system. A deeper, ontological basis needs to be identified.

Methodology and materials. The methodological foundation of the research is a synthesis of domestic communicative-dialogical approaches (A. V. Polyakov, I. L. Chestnov), the model of the threedimensional concept of law (S. S. Alekseev), and the meta-theory of legal technique (M. L. Davydova). The study proposes a paradigmatic shift in the understanding of law through the concept of law as an emergent reality.

Results and Discussion. As an alternative, a triatomic model of the legal system is proposed, where the primary elements are: 1) scopes of rights and obligations as the substance of regulation, 2) sources of obligatoriness as the driving force, and 3) normativity of consciousness as the environment for the existence of law. Law emerges at the point of intense interaction among three ontological elements: scopes of rights/obligations, sources of obligatoriness, and normativity of consciousness. The normativity of consciousness acts as a catalyst for law-genesis, transforming static structures into a living legal reality.

Conclusions. Legal reality cannot be reduced to the sum of its elements — it emerges as a new quality when a critical mass of interaction among scopes of rights, sources of obligatoriness, and normativity of consciousness is achieved. This emergent property explains why law is simultaneously objective and subjective, stable and dynamic. Law is an emergent phenomenon.

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to clarify the ontological status of such a categorical bundle as absolute values in the context of modern Russian law and order. Based on this, the main tasks are: to determine the ideological prerequisites for dividing values into absolute and relative; to identify criteria for such a distinction; to analyze the conditions that allow recognizing certain legal values as absolute; to develop a theoretical approach necessary to substantiate absolute values in law. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the activity-based approach is recognized as the most adequate to this task.

Methodology and materials. The main methods used in the proposed study are: activity-based approach; structural and functional analysis; comparative method. Psychologism in understanding values continues to be the most influential in Russian legal philosophy. This is opposed by various objectivist concepts of values, defending their complete or, in any case, significant independence from human consciousness. The opposition of relative and absolute values, among other things, reveals the status of the value foundations of law in their implicit conflict with legal consciousness, since they can be considered either as immanent to it and transforming together with it, or, on the contrary, as its external referents.

Research results and their discussion. No matter how obvious the relativity of the value constructs of legislation, legal doctrine or judicial practice may be, this in itself does not prove that absolute values are absent in law. The existence of absolute legal values, as a general rule, is built on a strictly defined foundation, which is a religious worldview. One and the same legally enshrined value, considered in a secular or religious sense, can have completely different meanings. It is possible to localize those value spheres where potential absoluteness is rooted: it is more or less obvious that this quality is not inherent in social practices, whose relativity from a set of external and internal conditions is too noticeable, as well as psychological experiences, since the absolute is grasped only speculatively, but not emotionally.

Conclusions. Absolute values in official legal discourse are possible only beyond their psychological understanding, since the very attempts to normatively define the concept and composition of values are, in fact, designed to overcome axiological psychologism, which rejects the existence of objective absolute values. The activity-based approach to absolute values, on the one hand, and a moderate version of value relativism, which does not deny the existence of absolute values, but only calls them into question, on the other hand, of course, cannot be synthesized within the framework of a single explanatory model. However, they may well coexist in the philosophy of law as manifestations of its ideological diversity.

Introduction. The article examines the relationship between law and morality through the lens of legal positivism, focusing on the distinction between inclusive and exclusive approaches. The main research question is the following dichotomy: exclusive positivism emphasizes the autonomy of law, excluding moral grounds, while inclusive positivism allows for the integration of moral principles into the legal system.

Methodology and materials. The research methodology is based on analytical jurisprudence, historical legal analysis, and comparative analysis. The works of G. L. A. Hart, R. Dworkin, J. Raz, W. J. Valuchov and others.

Results and discussion. It was revealed that inclusive positivism provides a more flexible understanding of law that can take into account moral values in the process of law enforcement, which is especially important in the field of constitutional law. Exclusive positivism, on the other hand, limits the influence of moral arguments, which can reduce the adaptability of the legal system. The analysis of G. L. A. Hart’s ideas demonstrates the possibility of a minimal intersection of law and morality, whereas J. L. A. Hart’s arguments demonstrate the possibility of a minimal intersection of law and morality. The arguments (linguistic, prejudice, and institutional) confirm the position of the independence of law from morality. Examples from judicial practice, including cases related to apartheid, illustrate the difficulty of separating law and morality.

Conclusions. The visible prospects for further research are related to clarifying the role of moral principles in modern lawmaking and developing balanced models of legal understanding that allow taking into account both the formal and value foundations of law.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the importance of mythologems in constructing the image of law. The process of constructing legal reality is considered in the context of the formation of knowledge about it, as about the regulatory and legal system of society based on conventional values. Special attention is paid to mythologism, an integral part of the learning process. The article notes that mythologems act as a membrane of the sphere of meaningful existence of people, allowing them to fearlessly look into the future, to construct this future in accordance with the material living conditions of the people’s mentality, their ideals and aspirations.

Methodology and materials. The research is based on a critical analysis of philosophical, sociological, and legal theories, including classical approaches to understanding law. The article is written from the standpoint of postclassical methodology, which focuses on the contextuality of the legal phenomenon and its inherent existence in the human life world.

The results of the study and their discussion. It is revealed that the construction of the image of law is associated with mythologems, which act as the cementing core of the entire human sociality, revealing themselves in the intellectual tradition. Therefore, the mythologization of law is the result of philosophizing, they contain a semantic, identification, interpretative and ideological component. Therefore, the construction of legal reality is inherently linked to the knowledge and understanding of socially significant patterns of behavior, reified in mythological forms.

Conclusions. The constructed image of law in any culture is reified into mythologems that are fixed doctrinally in various cultural texts, thereby revealing the originality of the legal tradition. The legal tradition is a complex tradition, and not only the current generations participate in its formation, but also all the others who have already passed away. Therefore, the continuity of the scale of proper, possible and necessary behavior is historically reproduced in social practice precisely in a mythological form. Emerging postclassical approaches should take this fact into account and not turn a blind eye to an allegedly insignificant defect. Almost every type of legal understanding is based on its own idea, which is mythically objectified in one form or another. Keywords: image of law, reification, legal tradition, legal understanding, mythologemes. For citation: Lomakina, I. B. (2025) The Significance of Mythologems in Constructing the Image of Law. Theoretical and Applied Law. No. 4 (26). Pp. 69–78. (In Russ.)

Introduction. This article analyzes the importance of educational sovereignty for the country and society, the negative consequences of the 1992 Education Law and the implementation of the Bologna system for the educational environment, and approaches to creating a national education system. Particular attention is paid to legal education and the training of professional lawyers.

Methodology and Materials. The study is based on dialectical (P. V. Kopnin, D. P. Gorsky, and others) and civilizational (A. Toynbee, S. Eisenstadt, and others) approaches. The main methods include analysis and synthesis, documentary, comparative legal, historical legal, and other methods.

Research Results and Discussion. This study analyzes the importance of educational sovereignty for ensuring the country’s national security, preserving traditional cultural and moral values, and training highly qualified specialists capable of ensuring Russia’s progressive development. Unlike most experts, who attribute the crisis in modern education to the introduction of the Bologna Process, the author points out that the first blow was dealt back in 1992 with the adoption of the Law on Education of the Russian Federation.

Conclusion. While agreeing with the majority of experts regarding education system reform, the author believes that this work must have a scientific basis and be carried out taking into account forecasting findings that identify the most promising directions for the development of the education system. At the same time, the focus should be on the student and teacher.

Introduction. The issue of popular sovereignty is key in the theory of state and law, particularly in the context of federal structures. Federalism is a multi-level system of public authority with a distribution of powers between federal and regional institutions, which raises complex issues of delimitation of power and the legitimization of it’s intsitutions. In Russia, this topic is particularly important due to the historical specifics and diversity of regional practices, as well as the search for a balance between the unity of the state and the autonomy of its constituent entities.

Methodology and materials. The research is based on an analysis of constitutional norms, judicial practice, scientific approaches to federalism, as well as historical and legal analysis of various models of the realization of national sovereignty in federal states. The materials used are regulatory legal acts of the federal level, judicial acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, regional legislation and scientific works of domestic authors, including those analyzing legal regulation and law enforcement practice of foreign countries, which allowed us to consider the problem from a multifaceted theoretical and historical perspective.

Research results. The complexity and versatility of federal relations are revealed, characterized by the need for strict observance of the principle of unity of state sovereignty while maintaining a certain independence of the subjects of the federation. The article reveals the specifics of the mechanism for the implementation of democracy and the stages of its transformation in Russia, including the complex mechanism of legitimization of regional authorities. The author proves that sovereignty is indivisible and belongs to a single source of power - the people, despite regional peculiarities and variability of federalism models.

Conclusions. The federal system requires balanced and adaptive legal models for the implementation of popular sovereignty, ensuring the unity of statehood and the autonomy of the subjects. In Russia, as a result of long-term and at the same time dynamic legislative reforms, a unique model of federalism has emerged, implying the possibility of using two different ways of legitimizing executive power at the regional level which are equivalent from the point of view of ensuring national sovereignty. The indivisibility of the sovereignty of the people as a single bearer of State power remains the fundamental basis for the sustainable functioning of the federal State and the prevention of fragmentation of the political space.

Introduction. This article presents a theoretical and legal analysis of how the performance and efficiency of public administration in the field of science and technology (S&T) are regulated in the Russian Federation, framing this assessment as a tool for achieving technological leadership.

Methodology and materials. The study employs a combination of methods, including the dialectical approach, analysis (comparative, structural-functional, content analysis), synthesis, and systematization, as well as specific legal methods (formal-dogmatic and formal-legal). These were used to examine doctrinal sources, strategic planning documents, and federal legislation on S&T development. Legal modeling and legal-technical methods were applied to substantiate a conceptual framework for the legal regulation of performance and efficiency evaluation, including its core categories and key indicators.

Results and discussion. A comparative analysis of doctrinal sources, strategic planning documents, and federal legislation reveals the absence of a unified legal definition for the core concept of “scientific and technological development” in Russian law. The study identifies contradictions in the terminology used across key federal laws and substantiates a conceptual approach to defining public administration in the S&T sphere, its performance, and efficiency. Key problems in the current assessment framework are highlighted, namely: the lack of clear legal regulations for evaluating public administration in the S&T field, and the misalignment of existing performance indicators with the specific goals of S&T development.

Conclusion. The authors propose formal definitions of concepts essential for building a legal framework to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of S&T development and its public administration. An analysis of indicators in strategic planning documents demonstrates the need for their revision to focus on ensuring genuine scientific and technological progress — defined as a qualitative and irreversible shift in the state of science and technology that secures Russia’s technological leadership. A revised set of indicators is substantiated accordingly.

Introduction. The article presents a comparative analysis of foreign models of legal regulation for the reputation of public figures in the context of digital technology development and contradictory judicial practice. The central research problem is the lack of a unified approach to balancing freedom of speech and reputation protection. Using the examples of Anglo-American, Continental European, and Chinese legal traditions, the study identifies various mechanisms for establishing this balance, with particular attention paid to the role of digital platforms and judicial precedents.

Methodology and materials. The research is based on a comparative legal analysis of legislation and law enforcement practices in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, and China. The study covers key regulatory acts (the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the UK Defamation Act 2013, the German NetzDG, etc.), landmark court decisions (New York Times v. Sullivan, Caroline von Hannover cases, ECHR jurisprudence), and specific regulatory measures of the People’s Republic of China. The theoretical framework incorporates the doctrines of balancing rights, “public interest,” and the “public figure” status.

Results and Discussion. The study reveals that the Anglo-American model, based on the actual malice standard and measures against SLAPPs, provides the strongest protection for freedom of expression. Continental Europe demonstrates a mixed approach with elements of criminal liability and the influence of ECHR practice. The Chinese system subordinates reputation protection to the interests of the state and society, employing extensive censorship tools. Based on the identified differences, measures for the digital environment are proposed: increasing algorithm transparency, promoting media literacy, and establishing simplified procedures for online disputes.

Conclusion. The practical significance of the work lies in developing guidelines for improving national regulation: establishing clear criteria for harm, ensuring procedural efficiency in online disputes, and creating mechanisms to prevent the abuse of censorship. The integration of best practices is recognized as a promising direction for achieving a sustainable balance between freedom of speech and reputation protection.

Introduction. This study is devoted to the topical and significant for a modern legal state problem of control over the financial activities of public administration, considered as a specific subject of financial law. It is substantiated that in the conditions of the need to ensure effective, legal and targeted management of public finances, effective control over the bodies accumulating, distributing and using state and municipal monetary funds acquires key importance for financial stability, social well-being and accountability of the authorities to society. The scientific problem lies in the contradiction between the multiplicity of control subjects and the persistence of systemic shortcomings in the management of state and municipal resources. The aim of the study is to develop scientifically based proposals for improving legal control mechanisms. The objectives include: clarifying the financial and legal status of public administration; analyzing existing and prospective types of control; identifying key problems of legal regulation and law enforcement; formulating specific legislative innovations.

Methodology and materials. The study is based on a systemic approach. The formal legal method was used to analyze the norms of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and other acts. The comparative legal method was used to study foreign experience and international standards of financial control (in particular, INTOSAI standards and practices of OECD countries). The legal modeling method allowed us to develop proposals for improving legislation, including the concept of a framework federal law.

Results and discussion. The study identified key systemic problems: fragmentation of legal regulation, duplication of functions of control bodies, prevalence of formal “control of legality” to the detriment of performance audit. The need to shift the emphasis from subsequent control to preventive models using digital technologies is substantiated. A classification of control types is proposed, including promising forms (participatory-digital, predictive).

Conclusions. It is concluded that the existing control system does not require extensive expansion, but rather qualitative transformation. Specific proposals for improving legislation are formulated, including: introducing into the Budget Code of the Russian Federation a provision on mandatory performance audits for key state programs and national projects; developing and adopting a framework Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Public Financial Control in the Russian Federation” to unify concepts, principles and coordination mechanisms. It is emphasized that the proposed measures will optimize the use of resources of control bodies and increase the practical impact of their activities.

Introduction. This study analyzes the legal means of ensuring the Bank of Russia’s monopoly on money issuance. It is noted that researchers have focused primarily on the distribution of issuing powers between the Bank of Russia and commercial banks. However, there is a second aspect — restrictions on the circulation of foreign currencies and monetary surrogates within Russia. The research objective is to study the nature and logical relationship between the methods of ensuring the Bank of Russia’s domestic and foreign monopoly.

Methodology and materials. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current legal regulation of the Bank of Russia’s monopoly on money issuance, identify its shortcomings, and propose ways to address them. The research methodology utilizes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, etc.) and specific legal methods (formal-dogmatic and historical).

Research results and discussion. The agency nature of money issuance by commercial banks is substantiated, which allows us to refute the position that the issuing activities of commercial banks contradict the provisions of Part 1 of Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The article also substantiates the position regarding the nature of legal tender, foreign currency, and monetary surrogates. It is proposed to consider them as monetary legal regimes through which the state prevents foreign central banks and private individuals from issuing money in Russia.

Conclusions. It is demonstrated that the state, in regulating the Bank of Russia’s monopoly on money issuance, proceeds from the goal of such regulation: creating an economic situation in which only the Bank of Russia can issue money in Russia. To achieve this goal, the legislator simultaneously restricts the right of all national entities to issue the ruble and limits the circulation of foreign and private currencies within Russia. Therefore, the Bank of Russia’s monopoly on money issuance can be understood in two aspects — internal and external, respectively. Distinguishing both aspects allows for the foundation for further research within each.

Introduction. The dominant way to regulate the transfer of ownership on movable property in international transactions is the lex rei sitae. However, the use of this connecting factor in conditions of mobile conflict is ineffective. Party autonomy in the real property law is a very controversial tool.

Methodology and materials. The purpose of the article is to assess the potential of alternative to lex rei sitae ways to define a real statute, as well as to consider approaches based on moving away from regulating the transfer of ownership on movables in international transactions in favor of regulating the risk of its accidental death. The methodological basis of the research is the analytical method, as well as special legal methods such as historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal legal. The research examines the works of foreign authors, both from common law and continental countries, as well as the works of domestic authors.

Results of the research and their discussion. The personal law of the owner cannot be recognized as an effective way to define a real statute due to the concept of “personal law” is understood differently in different jurisdictions. The law of the place of transaction does not correspond to modern realities, and also creates a vast space for abuse by unfair parties. The risk of accidental death can be an effective tool for regulating international transactions related to the acquisition of movables, however the range of such situations is significantly limited.

Conclusion. In conclusion, the article summarizes that none of the methods of regulating the transfer of ownership discussed in the article is an effective solution. Consequently, it is necessary to look for alternative options, for example, to introduce the substantive and legal autonomy of the will. However, the author acknowledges that this solution is complex and its implementation requires effort.

Introduction. The article is devoted to a detailed study of the features of the consideration of cases in simplified proceedings in the arbitration process. The authors analyze legislative changes that are aimed at improving the effectiveness of this institution. To illustrate the dynamics of the number of cases dealt with in a simplified manner, statistical data are provided showing a gradual decrease in the number of such cases.

Methodology and materials. The study is based on an analysis of Russian legislation, judicial practice, as well as scientific legal literature. The statistical research method and a systematic approach are used as a methodological basis to identify problematic aspects of the execution of judicial acts in simplified proceedings by bona fide defendants.

Research results and their discussion. In the study, the authors examined the key advantages of simplified proceedings, such as shorter case processing times, lower court costs, and increased accessibility to justice. However, special attention is paid to emerging problems related to the immediate execution of judicial acts adopted under this procedure, which may create difficulties for bona fide defendants. The article substantiates the need to exclude provisions on the immediate execution of judicial acts from the arbitration procedural legislation. This step is defined by the authors as a necessary direction for the protection of the interests of bona fide participants in the process, the prevention of unjustified penalties and a significant reduction in risks for the defendants.

Conclusions. The authors propose to review the procedure for the execution of judicial acts adopted as a result of the consideration of cases in a simplified manner, taking into account the analysis of current practice and identified problems. It is determined that the proposed measures will help maintain a balance between the interests of the plaintiff and the defendant, ensure the fair nature of the trial and strengthen trust in the judicial system, eliminating the opportunities for abuse. The authors emphasize the need for further research and improvement of the procedure for the execution of a judicial act adopted based on the results of a simplified case review. The results of the study can be useful for practicing lawyers, as well as for the development of legislative initiatives in the field of arbitration.

Introduction. The article examines the sphere of violations of the criminal procedure law as an integral and permanent element of criminal procedure activity. The provisions on violations of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in the structure of Russian legal regulation are examined in connection with scientific works devoted to this area. Statistical data are provided indicating the prevalence of violations of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation as grounds for the cancellation of court decisions in criminal cases. The author draws attention to the lack of study and unpopularity of this subject of legal research, which does not allow changing the current situation, due to the large number of cancellations of court decisions on this basis.

Methodology and materials. Using the method of functional analysis of normative acts in conjunction with the observations of some researchers and judicial practice, the author identifies the main approaches to the nature of criminal procedural violations, which for the purposes of this article are defined as a legal phenomenon.

Results and discussion. The author notes some patterns in the identification of procedural violations by participants in criminal proceedings in the form of a chain of procedural actions: declaration of a version by an interested party — verification by the court of the version about the presence of a violation — confirmation or refutation. There are two types of declaration of procedural violations: procedural and revisional, applicable to the subject that puts forward the version: a party to the case or the court. Recognition of violations is carried out in a procedural and audit procedure by those law enforcement officers who are empowered to make final decisions.

Conclusions. In formulating conclusions, the author highlights the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of working on violations of criminal proceedings. It is proposed to regulate the activities of law enforcement officers in recognizing procedural violations in cases and proceedings as a subject of procedural evidence.

This article is devoted to E. N. Tonkov’s monograph, “Russian Legal Realism” (series: Interpretation of the Sources of Law), the first comprehensive study in Russian of the methodology, foundations, and evolution of Russian legal realism. Russian legal realism has received recognition from the academic community on par with American, Scandinavian, French, German, and Italian legal realism. This monograph presents a legal concept from a sociological perspective, seeking to combine the advantages of modern versions of natural law and positivism and to find effective means of overcoming the obstacles to social development posed by legal formalism. It is concluded that the characterization of Russian legal realism as a socio-legal and socio-psychological phenomenon, the originality of the approaches to its study, and the relevance of the problems of regulating social relations raised in the monograph are evidence of the development of this scientific field, E. N. Tonkov’s contribution to the study of legal reality and the search for ways to bridge the gap between the dogmas of classical legal theory and legal practice.

Introduction. The article presents the review of the XXXI World Congress of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR) with the main theme “The Rule of Law, Justice and the Future of Democracy”, which took place on July 7–12, 2024 in Seoul (Republic of Korea) at the sites of Soongsil University.

Methodology and materials. The authors-participants provided information on the organizers and the program, congratulatory remarks and plenary presentations, analyzed Special Workshops and Working Groups that formed the most productive and debatable part of the congress.

Results of the study and their discussion. Special attention is paid to the Russian Special Workshop and the participation of Russian representatives in the forum, which brought together over 700 scholars, including the world’s leading researchers in the theory, philosophy and sociology of law, such as B. Bix, K. Günter, S. Kirste, M. Krygier, P. Chiassoni, P. Mindus, K. Papageorgiou, G. Postema, M. Sellers, F. Schauer and others. The content of Special Panels is shown and the abstracts of the IVR prize laureates are presented: the IVR book prize for outstanding achievements in the field of philosophy of law and social philosophy (G. Postema) and Alice Tay book prize in legal theory (J. Dickson). One of the central events of the congress is depicted in detail, which was the presentation of the first printed edition of the IVR Encyclopedia.

Conclusions. At the end of the review the results of the congress were outlined, the main of which was the continuing importance of international contacts within the scientific community seeking to find ways to resolve existing global and regional conflicts. The evident focus on combining theory and practice can be traced through the entire eventful program of the congress, confirming the modern demand for realistic attitudes when discussing legal, philosophical and social issues. It is also noted that the next congress, traditionally held every two years, will be organized in 2026 in Istanbul (Türkiye) with the main theme “Law in the Face of the Changing Problems of the World”.