Cybercrime and Digital Transformation
https://doi.org/10.22394/2686-7834-2021-1-39-53
Abstract
Cyberspace crime is a critical threat to the information security of the state and civil society institutions. Inside global network the abuse of computer user’s trust allows organized criminal groups to achieve their economic and political goals by committing offenses in the international information space. The methods of participatory observation, comparative legal and discourse analysis show that digital transformation has weakened the influence of the state on the development of the cultural sphere of society, and computer technologies have become the object of interests of criminal structures. Digital transformation has created virtual reality based on the laws and regulations of the networked community. Civil society by rejecting most of the peremptory norms imposed by national governments for political purposes produce victims of a wide range of cybercrimes: fraud and computer misuse offences and obscene publications. Since digital transformation is a universal phenomenon that will inevitably change the life of the entire world community, it is necessary to reach a consensus on the development and implementation of modern international agreement which, on the one hand, will guarantee freedom of speech and the right of every person to access information, and on the other hand will protect citizens, states and social institutions from criminal encroachments in an actively developing digital environment.
Keywords
human rights,
crime,
information,
fraud,
extremism,
hacker,
responsibility,
public danger,
technology
About the Authors
V. P. Kirilenko
North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Viktor P. Kirilenko, Doctor of Sciences (Jurisprudence), Professor
Saint-Petersburg
G. V. Alekseev
North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Georgy V. Alekseev, PhD in Jurisprudence, Associate Professor
Saint-Petersburg
References
1. Ammar, J. Cyber Gremlin: Social Networking, Machine Learning and the Global War on Al-Qaida and IS-Inspired Terrorism // International Journal of Law and Information Technology. 2019. Vol. 27, iss. 3. Pp. 238–265. DOI: 10.1093/ijlit/eaz006.
2. Arnold, N., Mahoney, W., Derrick, D., Ligon, G. & Harms, M. Feasibility of a Cyber Attack on National Critical Infrastructure by a Non-State Violent Extremist Organization // Journal of Information Warfare. 2015. Vol. 14, iss. 1. Pp. 84–100.
3. Awan, I. Cyber-Extremism: Isis and the Power of Social Media // Social Science and Public Policy 2017. Vol. 54. Pp. 138–149. DOI: 10.1007/s12115-017-0114-0.
4. Bastrykin, A. I. Crimes Against Minors in the Internet Space: On the Issue of Victimological Prevention and CriminalLegal Assessment [Prestupleniya protiv nesovershennoletnikh v internet-prostranstve: k voprosu o viktimologicheskoi profilaktike i ugolovno-pravovoi otsenke] // Russian Journal of Criminology [Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal]. 2017. Vol. 11. No. 1. Pp. 5–12. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2017.11(1).5–12. (in rus)
5. Baturin, Yu. M., Polubinskaya, S. V. What Makes Virtual Crimes Real [Chto delaet virtual’nye prestupleniya real’nymi] // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences [Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava Rossiiskoi akademii nauk]. 2018. V. 13. No. 2. Pp. 9–35. (in rus)
6. Begishev, I. R. Khisamova, Z. I. Criminological Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence [Kriminologicheskie riski primeneniya iskusstvennogo intellekta ] // Russian Journal of Criminology [Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal]. 2018. T. 12, No. 6. Pp. 767–775. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(6).767-775. (in rus)
7. Brenner, S. W. Cyberthreats and the Decline of the Nation-State. London : Routledge. 2014. 182 p.
8. Broadhurst, R. G., P. Grabosky, M. Alazab, S. Chon. Organizations and Cyber Crime: An Analysis of the Nature of Groups Engaged in Cyber Crime // International Journal of Cyber Criminology. 2014. Vol. 8, iss. 1. Pp. 1–20. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2345525.
9. Brosché, J., Legnér, M., Kreutz, J., Ijla, A. Heritage under Attack: Motives for Targeting Cultural Property During Armed Conflict// International Journal of Heritage Studies 2017. Vol. 23, iss. 3. Pp. 248–260. DOI: 10.1080/13527258.2016.1261918.
10. Buono, L. Fighting Cybercrime Between Legal Challenges and Practical Difficulties: EU and National Approaches // ERA Forum. 2016. Vol. 17. Pp. 343–353. DOI: 10.1007/s12027-016-0432-5.
11. Calderoni, F. The European Legal Framework on Cybercrime: Striving for an Effective Implementation // Crime, Law and Social Change. 2010. Vol. 54, iss. 5. Pp. 339–357. DOI: 10.1007/s10611-010-9261-6.
12. Chernenko, T. G. The Qualification of the Aggregate of Crimes [Kvalifikatsiya sovokupnosti prestuplenii ] // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law [Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya: Pravo.]. 2014. No. 1 (38). Pp. 148–162. (in rus)
13. Cooper, M. How Cyber Crime Damages Lives // ITNOW. 2020. Vol. 62, iss. 1. Pp. 36–37. DOI: 10.1093/itnow/bwaa016.
14. D’Aspremont, J. Cyber Operations and International Law: An Interventionist Legal Thought // Journal of Conflict and Security Law. 2016. Vol. 21, iss. 3. Pp. 575–593. DOI: 10.1093/jcsl/krw022.
15. Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. Violent Radicalization in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know // Stud Conflict Terrorism 2010. Vol. 33, iss. 9. Pp. 797–814. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.501423.
16. De Silva, S. Cyber Crime and the Law // ITNOW 2016. Vol. 58, iss. 4. Pp. 28–29. DOI: 10.1093/itnow/bww101.
17. Dupont, B. Bots, Cops, and Corporations: On the Limits of Enforcement and the Promise of Polycentric Regulation As a Way to Control Large-Scale Cybercrime // Crime, Law and Social Change. 2017. Vol. 67, iss. 1. Pp. 97–116. DOI: 10.1007/s10611-016-9649-z.
18. Earl, J. Protest Online: Theorizing the Consequences of Online Engagement. In L. Bosi, M.Giugni & K. Uba (eds.). The Consequences of Social Movements. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 2016. Pp. 363–400. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781316337790.015.
19. Engelhardt, A. A. On Understanding of Fraud in the Field of Computer Information // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2016. No. 8. Pp. 84–90. (in rus)
20. Fisher, J. L. A Clinic’s Place in the Supreme Court Bar // Stanford Law Review. 2013 (2011). Vol. 65, iss. 1. Pp. 137–201. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1921430.
21. Gercke, M. Europe’s Legal Approaches to Cybercrime // ERA Forum. 2009. Vol. 10. Pp. 409–420. DOI: 10.1007/s12027-009-0132-5.
22. Hacking Politics: How Geeks, Progressives, the Tea Party, Gamers, Anarchists and Suits Teamed up to Defeat SOPA and Save the Internet / D. Moon, P. Ruffini, D. Segal (eds). OR Books. 2013. 316 p.
23. Ivantsov, S. V., Borisov, S. V., Uzembaeva, G. I., Muzychuk, T. L., Tishchenko, Yu. Yu. Actual Problems of Improving the System of Measures for Criminological Prevention of Extremist Crimes Committed Using Information and Telecommunication Networks [Aktual’nye problemy sovershenstvovaniya sistemy mer kriminologicheskogo preduprezhdeniya prestuplenii ekstremistskoi napravlennosti, sovershaemykh s ispol’zovaniem informatsionnotelekommunikatsionnykh setei] // Russian Journal of Criminology [Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal]. 2018. T. 12, No. 6. Pp. 776–784. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(6).776–784 (in rus)
24. Justice, J. W., Bricker, B. J. Hacked: Defining the 2016 Presidential Election in the Liberal Media / J. W. Justice // Rhetoric and Public Affairs 2019. Vol. 22, iss. 3. Pp. 389–420. DOI: 10.14321/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0389.
25. Kapczynski, A. Intellectual Property’s Leviathan // Law and Contemporary Problems. 2015. Vol.77, iss. 4. Pp. 131–145.
26. Karamnov, A. Yu., Dvoretsky, M. Yu. UK Legislation on Crimes in the Field of Computer Information [Zakonodatel’stvo Velikobritanii o prestupleniyakh v sfere komp’yuternoi informatsii] // Socio-Economic Phenomena and Processes [Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskie yavleniya i protsessy]. 2013. № 8 (54). Pp. 164–167. (in rus)
27. Kemp, S., Miró-Llinares, F., Moneva, A. The Dark Figure and the Cyber Fraud Rise in Europe: Evidence from Spain // European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 2020. Vol. 26. DOI: 10.1007/s10610-020-09439-2.
28. Kettemann, M. C. Ensuring Cybersecurity through International Law // Revista Española de Derecho Internacional. Vol. 69, iss. 2. Pp. 281–290.
29. Kirilenko, V. P., Alekseev, G. V. Actual Problems of Countering Extremist Crimes [Aktual’nye problemy protivodeistviya prestupleniyam ekstremistskoi napravlennosti] // Russian Journal of Criminology [Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal]. 2018. Vol. 12. No. 4. Pp. 561–571. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(4).561–571. (in rus)
30. Kirilenko, V. P., Alekseev, G. V. Harmonization of Russian Criminal Legislation on Combating Cybercrime with the Legal Standards of the Council of Europe [Garmonizatsiya rossiiskogo ugolovnogo zakonodatel’stva o protivodeistvii kiberprestupnosti s pravovymi standartami Soveta Evropy] // Russian Journal of Criminology [Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal]. 2020. Vol. 14. No. 6. Pp. 898–913. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(6).898–913. (in rus)
31. Kirilenko, V. P., Alekseev, G. V. The Legitimacy of Democracy in the Works of Max Weber and Karl Schmitt [Legitimnost’ demokratii v rabotakh Maksa Vebera i Karla Shmitta] // Jurisprudence [Pravovedenie]. 2018. Vol. 62. No. 3. Pp. 501–517. DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu25.2018.305. (in rus)
32. Kirilenko, V. P., Alekseev, G. V. Political Technologies and International Conflict in the Information Space of the Baltic Region [Politicheskie tekhnologii i mezhdunarodnyi konflikt v informatsionnom prostranstve Baltiiskogo regiona] // Baltic Region [Baltiiskii region]. 2018. Vol. 10. No. 4. Pp. 20–38. DOI: 10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-2. (in rus)
33. Kirilenko, V. P., Alekseev, G. V. Counteracting the Ideology of Modern Terrorism [Protivodeistvie ideologii sovremennogo terrorizma] // Administrative Consulting [Upravlencheskoe konsul’tirovanie]. 2018. No. 5 (113). Pp. 8–18. DOI: 10.22394/1726-1139-2018-5-8-18. (in rus)
34. Kirilenko, V. P., Alekseev, G. V. Extremists: Criminals and Victims of Radical Violence [Ekstremisty: prestupniki i zhertvy radikal’nogo nasiliya] // Russian Journal of Criminology [Vserossiiskii kriminologicheskii zhurnal]. 2019. Vol. 13. No. 4. Pp. 612–628. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(4).612–628. (in rus)
35. Kirilenko, V. P., Shamakhov, V. A., Alekseev G. V. Freedom of Speech and Media Safety [Svoboda slova i mediabezopasnost’]. SZIU RANEPA. St. Petersburg. 2019. 440 p. (in rus)
36. Lavorgna, A. Cyber-Organised Crime. A Case of Moral Panic? // Trends in Organized Crime. 2019. Vol.22, iss. 4. Pp. 357–374. DOI: 10.1007/s12117-018-9342-y.
37. Leukfeldt, E. R., A. Lavorgna, E. R. Kleemans. Organised Cybercrime or Cybercrime that is Organised? An Assessment of the Conceptualisation of Financial Cybercrime as Organised Crime // European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 2017. Vol. 23, iss. 3. Pp. 287–300. DOI: 10.1007/s10610-016-9332-z.
38. Martin, J., Munksgaard, R., Coomber R. & oths. Selling Drugs on Darkweb Cryptomarkets: Differentiated Pathways, Risks and Rewards // British Journal of Criminology. 2020. Vol. 60, iss. 3. Pp. 559–578. DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azz075.
39. Mylrea, M. Smart Energy-Internet-of-Things Opportunities Require Smart Treatment of Legal, Privacy and Cybersecurity Challenges // The Journal of World Energy Law & Business. 2017. Vol. 10, iss. 2. Pp. 147–158. DOI: 10.1093/jwelb/jwx001.
40. Nasution, M. D. T. P., Siahaan, A. P. U., Rossanty, Y., Aryza, S. The Phenomenon of Cyber-Crime and Fraud Victimization in Online Shop // International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. 2018. Vol. 9, iss. 6. Pp. 1583–1592.
41. Nomokonov, V. A., Tropina, T. L. Cybercrime: Forecasts and Problems of Struggle [Kiberprestupnost’: prognozy i problemy bor’by] // Criminalist Library [Biblioteka kriminalista]. 2013. № 5 (10). Pp. 148–160. (in rus)
42. Nuotio, K. A Legitimacy-Based Approach to EU Criminal Law: Maybe We Are Getting There, After All // New Journal of European Criminal Law. 2020. Vol. 11, iss. 1. Pp. 20–39. DOI: 10.1177/2032284420903386.
43. Odintsova, N. E., Repetskaya, A. L. Problematic Aspects of Domestic and Foreign Legislation in Countering the Propaganda of Pedophilia [Problemnye aspekty otechestvennogo i zarubezhnogo zakonodatel’stva v protivodeistvii propagande pedofilii] // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences [Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal gumanitarnykh i estestvennykh nauk]. 2019. No. 11–3 (38). Pp. 84–89. DOI: 10.24411/2500-1000-2019-11821. (in rus)
44. Reep-van den Bergh, C. M. M., Junger M. Victims of Cybercrime in Europe: A Review of Victim Surveys // Crime Science. 2018. Vol. 7, art No. 5. DOI: 10.1186/s40163-018-0079-3.
45. Repetskaya, A. L. Current State, Structure and Trends of Russian Crime [Sovremennoe sostoyanie, struktura i tendentsii rossiiskoi prestupnosti] // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law [Vestnik Omskogo universiteta. Seriya: Pravo]. 2018. No. 1 (54). Pp. 151–156. DOI: 10.25513/1990-5173.2018.1.151–156. (in rus)
46. Rucht, D. Movement Allies, Adversaries, and Third Parties. 2007. DOI: 10.1002/9780470999103.ch9.
47. Schmitt, Carl. Theorie des Partisanen. Zwischenbemerkung zum Begriff des Politischen. Duncker & Humblot. 1963.
48. Skinner, C. P. Cybercrime in the Securities Market: Is U.C.C. Article 8 Prepared? // North Carolina Law Review Addendum. 2012. Vol. 90. Pp. 132–157. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1952955.
49. Tarrow, S. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. New York : Cambridge University Press. 1994. 251 p.
50. Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., Liederbach, J. Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism. New York : Prentice Hall Press, 2014. 416 p.
51. Tomašević, V., Ilić-Kosanović, T., Ilić, D. (2020) Skills Engineering in Sustainable Counter Defense Against Cyber Extremism. In: Al-Masri A., Al-Assaf Y. (eds.) Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility. Vol. 2. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32902-0_25.
52. Van der Wagen, W. From Cybercrime to Cyborg Crime: Botnets as Hybrid Criminal Actor-Networks // British Journal of Criminology. 2015. Vol. 55, iss. 3. Pp. 578–595. DOI: 10.1093/bjc/azv009.
53. Walden, I. Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations / I. Walden. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 2016. 600 p.
54. Zharova, A. Ensuring the Information Security of Information Communication Technology Users in Russia // International Journal of Cyber Criminology. 2019. Vol. 13, iss. 2. Pp. 255–269.
55. Zharova, A. K. Routing and IP to Ensure the Legal Regulation of Internet Relations [Marshrutizatsiya i IP dlya obespecheniya pravovogo regulirovaniya internet-otnoshenii] // Bulletin of the Russian State Humanitarian University. Series “Informatics. Information Security. Mathematics” [Vestnik RGGU. Seriya «Informatika. Informatsionnaya bezopasnost’. Matematika»]. 2019. No. 2. Pp. 32–42. DOI: 10.28995/2686-679X-2019-2-32-42. (in rus)
56. Zhuravlenko, N. I., Shvedova, L. E. Problems of Combating Cybercrime and Promising Areas of International Cooperation in this Area [Problemy bor’by s kiberprestupnost’yu i perspektivnye napravleniya mezhdunarodnogo sotrudnichestva v etoi sfere] // Society and Law [Obshchestvo i pravo]. 2015. No. 3 (53). Pp. 66–70. (in rus)
Review
For citations:
Kirilenko V.P., Alekseev G.V. Cybercrime and Digital Transformation. Theoretical and Applied Law. 2021;(1):39-53. https://doi.org/10.22394/2686-7834-2021-1-39-53
Views:
526
Email this article 