Constitutional and Legal Foundations of Experimental Legal Regimes
https://doi.org/10.22394/2686-7834-2023-1-109-121
Abstract
The relevance of the study is due to the importance of the question of the legal nature of such a young institution as an experimental legal regime. The author presents theoretical developments in the field of studying the constitutionality of experimental legal regimes, their relationship with the norms of the Constitution of Russia, dedicated to regulating the principles of a legal, democratic, federal state, support for competition, free use of one’s abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law, the unity of economic space on the territory of the Russian Federation, the inadmissibility of restricting constitutional rights and citizens’ freedoms, legality and equality of all before the law. The article analyzes the relationship between the experimental legal regime and the partnership of entrepreneurs and authorities. An attempt is made to analyze the correlation between the experimental legal regime and the delegation of public powers to private individuals. The author, appealing to the judicial practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, concludes that the experimental legal regime is based on the articles 1, 3, 8, 19, 29, 34, 55 and 75.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
About the Author
I. S. SushilnikovRussian Federation
Ilya S. Sushilnikov, doctorate student
Moscow
References
1. Belitskaya, A. V. The State as A Participant and a Regulator of Investment Relations Within the Limits Of Public-Private Partnership [Gosudarstvo kak uchastnik i regulyator investicionnyh otnoshenij v ramkah gosudarstvenno-chastnogo partnerstva]. Business, Management and Law [Biznes, Menedzhment i Pravo]. 2017. No. 1-2. P. 42–46.
2. Gadzhiev, G. A. On the Principle of Proportionality and Constitutional Cassation [O principe proporcional’nosti i konstitucionnoj kassacii]. Judge [Sud’ya]. 2019. No. 7. P. 56–64.
3. Gromova, E. A. Issues Relating to Federal Law on Public and Private Partnership, Municipal and private Partnership in the Russian Federation, and Making Amendments to Certain Legal Acts of the Russian Federation [Nekotorye problemy Federal’nogo zakona “O gosudarstvenno-chastnom partnerstve, municipal’no-chastnom partnerstve v Rossijskoj Federacii i vnesenii izmenenij v otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossijskoj Federacii”]. Law and Economics [Pravo i ekonomika]. 2016. No. 8. P. 9–12.
4. Degtyarev, M. V. To the Question of the History and Prospects of Experimental Legal Regimes [K voprosu ob istorii i perspektivah eksperimental’nyh pravovyh rezhimov]. Law and the State: Theory and Practice [Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika]. 2020. No. 12 (192). P. 169–172.
5. Degtyarev, M. V. Experimental Legal Regimes: Staging a Scientific Problem [Eksperimental’nye pravovye rezhimy: postanovka nauchnoj problemy]. Law and the State: Theory and Practice [Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika]. 2020. No. 11 (191). P. 152–155.
6. Didikin, A. B. On the Implementation of Public Private Partnership Projects In Science, Education and Industry [O realizacii proektov gosudarstvenno-chastnogo partnerstva v sferah nauki, obrazovaniya i promyshlennosti]. Lawyer [Yurist]. 2019. No. 1. P. 39–45.
7. Dmitrik, N. A. Experimental Regimes: Legal Theory View [Eksperimental’nye pravovye rezhimy: teoretiko-pravovoj aspekt]. Statute [Zakon]. 2020. No. 6. P. 64–72.
8. Mayboroda, V. A. Legitimation of the Public Law Nature of a Federal Territory [Legitimaciya publichno-pravovoj prirody federal’noj territorii]. Notary [Notarius]. 2022. No. 1. P. 15–19.
9. Miloserdov, N. A. Public Interests in Law: Concept and Content [Publichnye interesy v prave: ponyatie i soderzhanie]. Actual Problems of Russian Law [Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava]. 2021. No. 10. P. 202–211.
10. Naumov, V. B. Law in the Epoch of Digital Transformation: In Search of Solutions [Pravo v epohu cifrovoj transformacii: v poiskah reshenij]. Russian Law: Education, Practice, Science [Rossijskoe pravo: obrazovanie, praktika, nauka]. 2018. No. 6 (108). P. 4–11.
11. Naumov, V. B., Butrimovich, Ya. V., Kotov, A. A. Ensuring the Quality of Regulation of Experimental Legal Regimes [Obespechenie kachestva pravovogo regulirovaniya eksperimental’nyh pravovyh rezhimov]. Russian Law: Education, Practice, Science [Rossijskoe pravo: obrazovanie, praktika, nauka]. 2020. No. 3. P. 40–49.
12. Pogodina, I. V., Avdeev, D. A. The State of the Legal Regulation of the Electronic Participation of Citizens in Public Administration in the Russian Federation [Sostoyanie pravovogo regulirovaniya elektronnogo uchastiya grazhdan v publichnom upravlenii v Rossijskoj Federacii]. Administrative Law and Process [Administrativnoe pravo i process]. 2021. No. 12. P. 31–35.
13. Popondopulo, V. F. Special Investment Contract as Legal Form of Investment Agreements at Participation of Public Law Entities [Special’nyj investicionnyj kontrakt kak pravovaya forma investicionnyh soglashenij s uchastiem publichnopravovogo obrazovaniya]. Competition Law [Konkurentnoe pravo]. 2017. No. 3. P. 17–24.
14. Romanovskaya, O. V. Delegation of State Authority in the System of Public Legal Regulation [Delegirovanie gosudarstvenno-vlastnyh polnomochij v sisteme publichno-pravovogo regulirovaniya]. Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences [Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Yuridicheskie nauki]. 2017. Issue 36. P. 143–154.
15. Romanovskaya, O. V. Constitutional Bases of Delegation of State-Governmental Powers to Non-Governmental Organizations: Monograph [Konstitucionnye osnovy delegirovaniya gosudarstvenno-vlastnyh polnomochij negosudarstvennym organizaciyam: Monografiya]. M.: Prospect, 2019. P. 58.
16. Romanovskaya, O. V. Legal Bases of Delegation of State-Governmental Powers to Subjects of Private Law [Pravovye osnovy delegirovaniya gosudarstvenno-vlastnyh polnomochij sub’’ektam chastnogo prava]. Bulletin of the RFBR. Humanities and social sciences [Vestnik RFFI. Gumanitarnye i obshchestvennye nauki]. 2019. No. 3. P. 112–122.
17. Kharitonova, Yu. S., Sun, Qi. Digitalization of Public Relations and the Rule of Law: The Experience of Rethinking in Russia and China [Cifrovizaciya obshchestvennyh otnoshenij i verhovenstvo zakona: opyt pereosmysleniya v Rossii i Kitae]. Civil Law [Grazhdanskoe pravo]. 2022. No. 2. P. 3–8.
18. Khasyanov, R. Z. Socio-Political Purpose of the Institute of Transfer of State Powers to Organizations: Attracting Expert Knowledge and Improving the Quality of Public Services [Social’no-politicheskoe prednaznachenie instituta peredachi gosudarstvennyh polnomochij organizaciyam: privlechenie ekspertnyh znanij i povyshenie kachestva gosudarstvennyh uslug]. Constitutional and municipal law [Konstitucionnoe i municipal’noe pravo]. 2020. No. 11. P. 12–16.
19. Shokhin, A. N. Business and Power in Russia: Regulatory Environment and Law Enforcement Practice. Monograph [Biznes i vlast’ v Rossii: regulyatornaya sreda i pravoprimenitel’naya praktika. Monografiya]. M.: Publishing House of the Higher School of Economics [Izd. dom Vysshej shkoly ekonomiki], 2017.
20. Cafaggi, F. Le rôle des acteurs privés dans les processus de régulation : participation, autorégulation et régulation privée. Revue française d’administration publique, 2004. Vol. 109. No. 1. P. 23–35.
21. Conseil d’État. 2019. Les expérimentations: Comment innover dans la conduite des politiques publiques? La documentation française. 150 p.
22. Elzarrad, M. K., Lee, A. Y., Purcell, R., Steele, S. J. Advancing an Agile Regulatory Ecosystem to Respond to the Rapid Development of Innovative Technologies. Clin Transl Sci. 2022. P. 1–8. DOI: 10.1111/cts.13267.
23. Financial Conduct Authority. Regulatory Sandbox [Электронный ресурс]. 2015. URL https://www.fca.org.uk/ publication/research/regulatory-sandbox.pdf (дата обращения: 14.10.2022).
24. Flückiger, A. (Re)faire la Loi: Traité de légistique à l’ère du Droit souple. Berne: Stämpfli Editions, 2019. XIV. 761 p.
25. Frye, T. Brokers and Bureaucrats: Building Market Institutions in Russia. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 2000. P. 158–172.
26. Grajzl, P., Murrell, P. Allocating Lawmaking Powers: Self-regulation vs. Government Regulation. Journal of Comparative Economics. 2007. No. 35 (3). P. 520–545.
27. Hacker, Ph. Personalizing EU Private Law: From Disclosures to Nudges and Mandates. European Review of Private Law. 2017. Vol. 25. Iss. 3. P. 651–678.
28. HM Treasury. UK FinTech: On the Cutting Edge. An Evaluation of the International FinTech Sector [Электронный ресурс]. P. 8–9. URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/502995/UK_FinTech_-_On_the_cutting_edge_-_Full_Report.pdf (дата обращения: 14.10.2022).
29. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Global Experiences from Regulatory Sandboxes. Finance, Competitiveness & Innovation Global Practice Fintech Note. 2021. No. 8. P. 34.
30. Johnson, W. G. Caught in Quicksand? Compliance and Legitimacy Challenges in Using Regulatory Sandboxes to Manage Emerging Technologies. Regulation & Governance. 2022. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12487 (дата обращения: 23.12.2022).
31. Kálmán, J. Ex Ante “Regulation”? The Legal Nature of the Regulatory Sandboxes or How to “Regulate” Before Regulation Even Exists. In: Hulkó, G. and Vybíral, R. eds., European Financial Law in Times of Crisis of the European Union. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. 2019. P. 215–225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36250/00749.20.
32. Karagiannis, S. La discrimination positive dans certaines conventions internationales de protection des droits de l’homme. Europe des Droits & Libertés. 2022/1. № 5. P. 41–97.
33. Lim, B., Low, C. Regulatory sandboxes. In J. Madir (Ed.). FinTech: Law and regulation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 2019. P. 302–325.
34. Bardají, L., Reig, M. Regulatory Sandboxes: Innovative Public-Private Partnerships to Advance Technology. 2020 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://dobetter.esade.edu/en/sandboxes (дата обращения: 14.10.2022).
35. Maccabiani, N. An Empirical Approach to the Rule of Law: The Case of Regulatory Sandboxes. Osbservatorio sulle fonti, 2020. № 2/2020. P. 741–759.
36. Philipsen, S., Stamhuis, E. F., Jong, M. Legal Enclaves as a Test Environment for Innovative Products: Towards Legally Resilient Experimentation Policies. Regulation & Governance, 2021. 15 (4). P. 1128–1143.
37. Ranchordas, S. Experimental Regulations and Regulatory Sandboxes: Law without Order? University of Groningen Faculty of Law Research Paper. No. 10/2021. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3934075 (дата обращения: 23.12.2022).
38. Slade, B. V. Public Purpose or Public Interest and Third Party Transfers. PER/PERLJ. (17) 1. 2014. P. 167–195.
39. Suzor, N. Digital Constitutionalism: Using the Rule of Law to Evaluate the Legitimacy of Governance by Platforms. Social Media and Society. 2018. Vol. 4 (3). P. 1–11.
40. Svetiev, Y. Experimentalist Competition Law and the Regulation of Markets. London: Hart and Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020. 232 p.
41. Thomann, E. The notions of regulation and self-regulation in political science. Journal of Self-Regulation and Regulation. 2017. No. 3. P. 55–75.
42. Tsindeliani, I. A. [et al.] Digital Transformation of the Banking System in the Context of Sustainable Development. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2022. Vol. 25. No. 1. P. 165–180.
Review
For citations:
Sushilnikov I.S. Constitutional and Legal Foundations of Experimental Legal Regimes. Theoretical and Applied Law. 2023;(1):109-121. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22394/2686-7834-2023-1-109-121