Being not in One's Own Will, or On the Need for Academic Autonomy
Abstract
This article is an analytical review on the question of academic freedom. The main focus of the article is on the idea of academic autonomy as an institutional mechanism which guarantees individual academic freedom. The theme of universities’ autonomy is becoming increasingly prevalent in global discussions, as the role of universities is volving. The process of internationalization of higher education, requirements for universities’ efficiency, transformation of state control and funding have significant influence on the status of universities in the society. Current research shows that this new status, together with perspectives of development lead to the increasing dependency of universities on various stakeholders. These core stakeholders, influencing autonomy are the state, business, and students as customers. Growing dependency on the private interest in turn leads to the erosion of importance that society assigns to the university as an institution.
About the Authors
E. N. RoshchinRussian Federation
Evgeny N. Roshchin – PhD in Political Sciences
Saint Petersburg
E. B. Potapova
Russian Federation
Ekaterina B. Potapova – PhD in Political Sciences, Head of Education, Department of International Relations
Saint Petersburg
References
1. Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., Hoxby, C. and others. The Governance and Performance of Research Universities: Evidence from Europe and the U. S. NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, Mass : National Bureau of Economic Research. 2009. No. w14851.
2. Aberbach, J. D., Christensen, T. Academic Autonomy and Freedom under Pressure: Severely Limited, or Alive and Kicking? Public Organiz Rev. 2018. No. 18. P. 487–506.
3. Badelt, С. Private External Funding of Universities: Blind Alley or New Opening? Review of Managerial Science. 2020. No. 14 (2). P. 447–458.
4. Beiter, K., Karran, T., Appiagyei-Atua, K. Measuring’ the Erosion of Academic Freedom as an International Human Right: A Report on the Legal Protection of Academic Freedom in Europe. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 2016. Vol. 49 (3). P. 597–691.
5. Berdahl, R. Academic Freedom, Autonomy and Accountability in British Universities. Studies in Higher Education. 1990. Vol. 15 (2). P. 169–180.
6. Bodenhorn, T. Management and “Administerization” in China’s Higher Education System: A View from the Trenches. The China Quarterly. 2020. No. 244. P. 969–987.
7. Bowen, W. M. Higher Education, Governance, and Academic Freedom. (Re)Discovering University Autonomy. Ed. by Turcan, R. V., Reilly, J. E., Bugaian, L. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
8. Choi, S. Identifying Indicators of University Autonomy According to Stakeholders’ Interests. Tertiary Education and Management. 2019. Vol. 25 (1). P. 17–29.
9. Christensen, T. University Governance Reforms: Potential Problems of More Autonomy? Higher Education. 2011. Vol. 62 (4). P. 503–517.
10. Cole, J. Defending Academic Freedom and Free Inquiry. Social Research. 2009. Vol. 76 (3). P. 811–844.
11. Collini, S. What Are Universities for? London ; New York : Penguin UK. 2012.
12. Crowley-Vigneau, A., Baykov, A. A., Kalyuzhnova, Y. Implementation of International Norms in Russia: The Case of Higher Education. Higher Education in Russia [Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii]. 2020. Vol. 29. No. 8/9. P. 39–54.
13. Estermann, T., Nokkala, T., Steinel, M. University Autonomy in Europe. Brussels : European University Association. 2011.
14. Gornitzka, A., Maassen, P., de Boer, H. Change in University Governance Structures in Continental Europe. Higher Education Quarterly. 2017. Vol. 71 (3). P. 274–289.
15. Guba, K., Sokolov, M., Tsivinskaya, A. Fictitious Effi What the Russian Survey of Performance of Higher Education Institutions Actually Assessed [Fiktivnaya ehffektivnost’: chto na samom dele otsenival Monitoring ehffektivnosti obrazovatel’nykh organizatsii]. Educational Studies Moscow [Voprosy obrazovaniya]. 2011. Vol. 1. P. 97–125. (In Rus.)
16. Hancock, L. Commercialization and Corporatization: Academic Freedom and Autonomy under Constraints in Australian Universities. Academic Freedom Under Siege: Higher Education in East Asia, the U. S. and Australia. Ed. by Zhidong, Hao and Peter, Zabielskis. 2020. P. 219–246.
17. De Boer, H., Jongbloed, B., Enders, J. and others. Progress in Higher Education Reform across Europe: Governance Reform. 2013. Vol. 1 Executive Summary Main Report.
18. Dougherty, K. J., Natow, R. S. Performance-Based Funding for Higher Education: How Well Does Neoliberal Theory Capture Neoliberal Practice? Higher Education. 2020. Vol. 80. P. 457–478.
19. Endovitskiy, D. A., Gaidar, K. M. University Science and Education in the Context of Artificial Intelligence [Universitetskaya nauka i obrazovanie v kontekste iskusstvennogo intellekta]. Higher Education in Russia [Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii]. 2021. Vol. 30, No. 6. P. 121–131. (In Rus.)
20. Henkel, M. Academic Identity and Autonomy in a Changing Policy Environment. Higher Education. 2005. Vol. 49 (1). P. 155–176.
21. Karran, T., Mallinson, L. Academic Freedom and World-Class Universities: A Virtuous Circle? Higher Education Policy. 2019. Vol. 32 (3). P. 397–417.
22. Knott, J., Payne, A. A. The Impact of State Governance Structures on Management and Performance of Public Organizations: A Study of Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2004. Vol. 23 (1). P. 13–30.
23. Kouzminov, Ya., Yudkevich, M. Academic Freedom and the Standards of Behavior [Akademicheskaya svoboda i standarty povedeniya]. Economic Issues [Voprosy Ekonomiki]. 2007 (6). P. 80–93. (In Rus.)
24. Li, J. Autonomy, Governance and the Chinese University 3.0: A Zhong-Yong Model from Comparative, Cultural and Contemporary Perspectives. The China Quarterly. 2020. No. 244.
25. Macheridis, N., Paulsson, A. Tracing Accountability in Higher Education. Research in Education, 2021 February. doi 10.1177/0034523721993143
26. Nickolskiy, V. University Autonomy and Academic Freedom [Universitetskaya avtonomiya i akademicheskaya svoboda]. Higher Education in Russia [Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii]. 2008 (6). P. 147–155. (In Rus.)
27. Nixon, J. Higher Education and the Public Good: Imagining the University. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010.
28. Nokkala, T., Bladh, A. Institutional Autonomy and Academic Freedom in the Nordic Context — Similarities and Differences. Higher Education Policy. 2014. Vol. 27 (1). P. 1–21.
29. Sporn, B. Governance and Administration. International Handbook of Higher Education. Part One. Altbach, P., Forest, J. Dordrecht : Springer. 2006. P. 141–157.
30. Simpson, C., Marinov, M. The Global Market Paradox of Stakeholder and Educational Values in Higher Education. (Re) Discovering University Autonomy ed. Turcan, R. V., Reilly, J. E., Bugaian, L. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. P. 73–84.
31. Pettit, P. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 1997.
32. Pettit, P. On the People’s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2012.
33. Schofer, E., Meyer, J. W. The Worldwide Expansion of Higher Education in the Twentieth Century. American Sociological Review. 2005. Vol. 70 (6). P. 898–920.
34. Schwartz, M., Bowen, W. The Chief Purpose of Universities: Academic Discourse and Diversity of Ideas. Urban Affairs Books. 2010.
35. Silvernail, K. D., Graso, M., Salvador, R. O and others. Perceived Fairness of Faculty Governance: A Study of 51 Countries. Higher Education, 2021 April.
36. Skinner, Q. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press,1998.
37. Skinner, Q. A Third Concept of Liberty. Proceedings of the British Academy. 2002. Vol. 117. P. 237–268.
38. Sulkowski, L. Accountability of University: Transition of Public Higher Education. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship at the Cracow University of Economics. 2016. Vol. 4 (1). P. 9–21.
39. Tilak, J. B. G. Higher Education: A Public Good or a Commodity for Trade? Prospects. 2008. Vol. 38 (4). P. 449–466.
40. Xuesong, G., Yongyan, Z. Heavy Mountains’ for Chinese Humanities and Social Science Academics in the Quest for World-Class Universities. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 2020. No. 50:4. P. 554–572.
41. Zgaga, P. Reconsidering University Autonomy and Governance: From Academic Freedom to Institutional Autonomy. University Governance and Reform: Policy, Fads, and Experience in International Perspective. Ed. by Schuetze, H. G., Bruneau, W., Grosjean, G. International and Development Education. New York : Palgrave Macmillan U S. 2012. P. 11–22.
Review
For citations:
Roshchin E.N., Potapova E.B. Being not in One's Own Will, or On the Need for Academic Autonomy. Theoretical and Applied Law. 2021;(4):47-58.