talТеоретическая и прикладная юриспруденцияTheoretical and Applied Law3034-2813СЗИУ РАНХиГСUPULHAtal-551Research ArticleСТАТЬИARTICLESВакф в цифровой среде: особенности реализации требования об участии двух свидетелейExamining Legal Certainty in Online Cash Waqf: The Role of Witnesses in Indonesian Islamic Philanthropyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-9958АлфинаХ. Н.AlfinaKh. N.

Маланг

 Alfina Khoirun Nisa -Student of the Faculty of Law

Malang

alfinakns@student.ub.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-5985-7230ДэвиА. С. К.DewiA. S. K.

Маланг

 Amelia Sri Kusuma Dewi - Doctor of Science (Jurisprudence), Lecturer of the Faculty of Law

Malang

amelia_dewi@ub.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-1294-5762ШафикиР. И. Р.Sjafi’iR. I. R.

Маланг

R. Imam Rahmat Sjafi’i - Master of Notary, Lecturer of the Faculty of Law

Malang

imamnotaris@gmail.comУниверситет БравиджаяИндонезияBrawijaya UniversityIndonesia20252006202502923Copyright © Алфина Х.Н., Дэви А.С., Шафики Р.И., 20252025Алфина Х.Н., Дэви А.С., Шафики Р.И.Alfina K.N., Dewi A.S., Sjafi’i R.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.taljournal.ru/jour/article/view/551Введение

Введение. В данной работе авторы рассматривают юридическую и практическую значимость присутствия свидетелей при осуществлении вакфа онлайн и анализируют практику, проводимую Институтом управления закятом (LAZIS) в Индонезии. Статья 17 закона Индонезии о вакфе (Закон № 41 от 2004 г.) предписывает, что передача вакфа (икрар вакф) должна осуществляться в присутствии двух свидетелей. Однако переход к цифровым практикам создает юридические сложности для традиционного порядка проведения вакфа, особенно в отношении соблюдения требований об участии двух свидетелей.

 Методы и методология

 Методы и методология. В рамках данного доктринального юридического исследования проведен анализ законов, нормативных актов и юридических документов, а также кейсов из практики Института управления закятом (LAZIS). Основные юридические источники: национальные законы о вакфе, Закон Индонезии об информации и электронных транзакциях (Закон ITE) и о защите данных, а также фетвы и руководящие документы Агентства по вакфу Индонезии (BWI). Исследование также опирается на интервью со специалистами-практиками, непосредственно участвующими в проведении вакфа онлайн.

 Результаты

 Результаты. Хотя проведение вакфа онлайн получает всё большее распространение и всё активнее поддерживается на институциональном уровне, открытым остается вопрос о соблюдении требования об участии в процессе двух свидетелей. Отсутствие четких предписаний в статье 17 Закона о вакфе приводит к различным интерпретациям этого требования. Например, Институт управления закятом (LAZIS) использует в качестве замены свидетеля для подтверждения вакфа цифровую запись и цифровой отпечаток. Однако этот подход не подкреплен юридическими документами, что создает разрыв между нормативным текстом и практикой.

 Заключение и обсуждение

 Заключение и обсуждение. Авторы пришли к выводу, что законодательство, регулирующее вакф в Индонезии, должно быть адаптировано к новым реалиям цифрового мира. Необходимо четко определить на законодательном уровне, каким образом должно соблюдаться требование о присутствии двух свидетелей при проведении вакфа онлайн. Отсутствие такого определения юридического признания цифровых альтернатив усложняет ситуацию, потенциально подрывая доверие к ним среди частных лиц, а также негативно влияя на целостность институтов вакфа.

Relevance

Relevance. This study explores the legal and practical relevance of witness presence in the implementation of online cash waqf at the Amil Zakat, Infaq, and Sadaqah Institution (LAZIS) Sabilillah Malang. Article 17 of Indonesia’s Waqf Law (Law No. 41 of 2004) prescribes that a waqf pledge (ikrar wakaf) must be declared in the presence of two witnesses before an authorized official. However, the transition to digital waqf practices presents challenges to the traditional legal structure, especially in terms of compliance with witness requirements and the legal certainty of digitally executed waqf pledges.

 Methods and Methodology

 Methods and Methodology. This research adopts a normative legal approach (doctrinal legal research) supported by statutory analysis, legal interpretation, and a limited case study of LAZIS Sabilillah Malang. Primary legal sources include national laws on waqf, electronic transactions (ITE Law), and data protection, while secondary materials encompass scholarly writings, fatwas, and guidelines from the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI). The study also draws on interviews with waqf practitioners to understand the practical implementation of online waqf.

Results

Results. The findings reveal that while digital cash waqf is increasingly accepted and institutionally supported, there is normative ambiguity surrounding the enforcement of the two-witness requirement. The absence of explicit sanctions in Article 17 of the Waqf Law weakens its prescriptive power, resulting in varied interpretations and practices among waqf institutions. In the case of LAZIS Sabilillah Malang, digital footprints such as payment confirmations and digital records are used as substitutes for traditional witnesses. However, this substitution has not yet received explicit legal recognition, creating a gap between regulatory text and institutional practice.

Conclusion and Discussion. The study concludes that the lack of clarity in the statutory language of Article 17, particularly regarding the necessity and legal consequences of absent witnesses, contributes to legal uncertainty in the digital waqf domain. This uncertainty calls for regulatory reform that accommodates technological advancements while upholding the core principles of Islamic waqf jurisprudence. Additionally, a stronger culture of legal literacy and community trust in digital waqf systems is essential to ensure broader acceptance. Collaborative efforts between the government, BWI, and waqf institutions are needed to provide a clear and authoritative framework for the legality of witness roles in online waqf practices.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.