talТеоретическая и прикладная юриспруденцияTheoretical and Applied Law3034-2813СЗИУ РАНХиГС10.22394/2686-7834-2021-4-47-58tal-143Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSБыть не в своей воле, или О необходимости академической автономииBeing not in One's Own Will, or On the Need for Academic AutonomyРощинЕ. Н.RoshchinE. N.

Рощин Евгений Николаевич – кандидат политических наук, декан факультета международных отношений и политических исследований 

Санкт-Петербург

Evgeny N. Roshchin – PhD in Political Sciences

Saint Petersburg

 

roshchin-en@ranepa.ruПотаповаЕ. БPotapovaE. B.

Потапова Екатерина Борисовна – кандидат политических наук, директор программы «Международные отношения»

Санкт-Петербург

Ekaterina B. Potapova – PhD in Political Sciences, Head of Education, Department of International Relations

Saint Petersburg

potapova-eb@ranepa.ruСЗИУ РАНХиГСРоссияRussian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (North-West Institute of ManagementRussian Federation202129122021044758Copyright © Рощин Е.Н., Потапова Е.Б., 20212021Рощин Е.Н., Потапова Е.Б.Roshchin E.N., Potapova E.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.taljournal.ru/jour/article/view/143

Настоящая статья представляет аналитический обзор научной литературы по вопросу об академической свободе. В статье делается особый акцент на идее академической автономии как институционального механизма гарантии индивидуальной академической свободы. В мировой дискуссии университетская автономия привлекает все большее внимание и приобретает большое значение в связи с продолжающимся переопределением роли университетов. Процесс интернационализации высшего образования, требования к эффективности университетов, трансформация государственного регулирования и финансирования оказывают значительное влияние на статус университета в обществе. Современные исследования говорят о том, что новый статус вместе с перспективами развития часто влечет за собой риски попадания университетов в зависимость от отдельных стейкхолдеров. К таким стейкхолдерам относятся государство, бизнес и студенты как потребители образовательных услуг. Зависимость от частного интереса, в свою очередь, ведет к эрозии значимости института для общества в целом.

This article is an analytical review on the question of academic freedom. The main focus of the article is on the idea of academic autonomy as an institutional mechanism which guarantees individual academic freedom. The theme of universities’ autonomy is becoming increasingly prevalent in global discussions, as the role of universities is volving. The process of internationalization of higher education, requirements for universities’ efficiency, transformation of state control and funding have significant influence on the status of universities in the society. Current research shows that this new status, together with perspectives of development lead to the increasing dependency of universities on various stakeholders. These core stakeholders, influencing autonomy are the state, business, and students as customers. Growing dependency on the private interest in turn leads to the erosion of importance that society assigns to the university as an institution.

академическая свободаавтономияуниверситетызависимостьреспубликанизмуправление в сфере высшего образованияacademic freedomautonomyrepublicanismdependencyuniversityhigher education managementReferencesВиньо А., Байков А. А., Калюжнова Е. Имплементация зарубежных норм в российском высшем образовании: проблемы адаптации. Высшее образование в России. 2020. № 8–9 (29). C. 39–54.Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., Hoxby, C. and others. The Governance and Performance of Research Universities: Evidence from Europe and the U. S. NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, Mass : National Bureau of Economic Research. 2009. No. w14851.Губа К. С., Соколов М. М., Цивинская А. О. Фиктивная эффективность: что на самом деле оценивал Мониторинг эффективности образовательных организаций. Вопросы образования. 2011, № 1. С. 97–125.Aberbach, J. D., Christensen, T. Academic Autonomy and Freedom under Pressure: Severely Limited, or Alive and Kicking? Public Organiz Rev. 2018. No. 18. P. 487–506.Ендовицкий Д. А., Гайдар К. М. Университетская наука и образование в контексте искусственного интеллекта. Высшее образование в России. 2021. Т. 30. № 6. С. 121–131.Badelt, С. Private External Funding of Universities: Blind Alley or New Opening? Review of Managerial Science. 2020. No. 14 (2). P. 447–458.Кузьминов Я., Юдкевич М. Академическая свобода и стандарты поведения. Вопросы экономики. 2007. № 6 (6). C. 80–93.Beiter, K., Karran, T., Appiagyei-Atua, K. Measuring’ the Erosion of Academic Freedom as an International Human Right: A Report on the Legal Protection of Academic Freedom in Europe. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 2016. Vol. 49 (3). P. 597–691.Никольский В. Университетская автономия и академическая свобода. Высшее образование в России. 2008 (6). C. 147–155.Berdahl, R. Academic Freedom, Autonomy and Accountability in British Universities. Studies in Higher Education. 1990. Vol. 15 (2). P. 169–180.Aghion P., Dewatripont M., Hoxby C. and others. The Governance and Performance of Research Universities: Evidence from Europe and the U. S. NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, Mass : National Bureau of Economic Research. 2009. No. w14851.Bodenhorn, T. Management and “Administerization” in China’s Higher Education System: A View from the Trenches. The China Quarterly. 2020. No. 244. P. 969–987.Aberbach J. D., Christensen T. Academic Autonomy and Freedom under Pressure: Severely Limited, or Alive and Kicking? Public Organiz Rev. 2018. No. 18. P. 487–506.Bowen, W. M. Higher Education, Governance, and Academic Freedom. (Re)Discovering University Autonomy. Ed. by Turcan, R. V., Reilly, J. E., Bugaian, L. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.Badelt С. Private External Funding of Universities: Blind Alley or New Opening? Review of Managerial Science. 2020. No. 14 (2). P. 447–458.Choi, S. Identifying Indicators of University Autonomy According to Stakeholders’ Interests. Tertiary Education and Management. 2019. Vol. 25 (1). P. 17–29.Beiter K., Karran T., Appiagyei-Atua K. Measuring’ the Erosion of Academic Freedom as an International Human Right: A Report on the Legal Protection of Academic Freedom in Europe. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 2016. Vol. 49 (3). P. 597–691.Christensen, T. University Governance Reforms: Potential Problems of More Autonomy? Higher Education. 2011. Vol. 62 (4). P. 503–517.Berdahl R. Academic Freedom, Autonomy and Accountability in British Universities. Studies in Higher Education. 1990. Vol. 15 (2). P. 169–180.Cole, J. Defending Academic Freedom and Free Inquiry. Social Research. 2009. Vol. 76 (3). P. 811–844.Bodenhorn T. Management and “Administerization” in China’s Higher Education System: A View from the Trenches. The China Quarterly. 2020. No. 244. P. 969–987.Collini, S. What Are Universities for? London ; New York : Penguin UK. 2012.Bowen W. M. Higher Education, Governance, and Academic Freedom. (Re)Discovering University Autonomy. Ed. by Turcan R. V., Reilly J. E., Bugaian L. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.Crowley-Vigneau, A., Baykov, A. A., Kalyuzhnova, Y. Implementation of International Norms in Russia: The Case of Higher Education. Higher Education in Russia [Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii]. 2020. Vol. 29. No. 8/9. P. 39–54.Choi S. Identifying Indicators of University Autonomy According to Stakeholders’ Interests. Tertiary Education and Management 2019. Vol. 25 (1). P. 17–29.Estermann, T., Nokkala, T., Steinel, M. University Autonomy in Europe. Brussels : European University Association. 2011.Christensen T. University Governance Reforms: Potential Problems of More Autonomy? Higher Education. 2011. Vol. 62 (4). P. 503–517.Gornitzka, A., Maassen, P., de Boer, H. Change in University Governance Structures in Continental Europe. Higher Education Quarterly. 2017. Vol. 71 (3). P. 274–289.Cole J. Defending Academic Freedom and Free Inquiry. Social Research. 2009. Vol. 76 (3). P. 811–844.Guba, K., Sokolov, M., Tsivinskaya, A. Fictitious Effi What the Russian Survey of Performance of Higher Education Institutions Actually Assessed [Fiktivnaya ehffektivnost’: chto na samom dele otsenival Monitoring ehffektivnosti obrazovatel’nykh organizatsii]. Educational Studies Moscow [Voprosy obrazovaniya]. 2011. Vol. 1. P. 97–125. (In Rus.)Collini S. What Are Universities for? London ; New York : Penguin UK. 2012.Hancock, L. Commercialization and Corporatization: Academic Freedom and Autonomy under Constraints in Australian Universities. Academic Freedom Under Siege: Higher Education in East Asia, the U. S. and Australia. Ed. by Zhidong, Hao and Peter, Zabielskis. 2020. P. 219–246.Estermann T., Nokkala T., Steinel M. University Autonomy in Europe. Brussels : European University Association. 2011.De Boer, H., Jongbloed, B., Enders, J. and others. Progress in Higher Education Reform across Europe: Governance Reform. 2013. Vol. 1 Executive Summary Main Report.Gornitzka A., Maassen P., de Boer H. Change in University Governance Structures in Continental Europe. Higher Education Quarterly. 2017. Vol. 71 (3). P. 274–289.Dougherty, K. J., Natow, R. S. Performance-Based Funding for Higher Education: How Well Does Neoliberal Theory Capture Neoliberal Practice? Higher Education. 2020. Vol. 80. P. 457–478.Hancock L. Commercialization and Corporatization: Academic Freedom and Autonomy under Constraints in Australian Universities Academic Freedom Under Siege: Higher Education in East Asia, the U. S. and Australia. Ed. by Zhidong Hao and Peter Zabielskis. 2020. P. 219–246.Endovitskiy, D. A., Gaidar, K. M. University Science and Education in the Context of Artificial Intelligence [Universitetskaya nauka i obrazovanie v kontekste iskusstvennogo intellekta]. Higher Education in Russia [Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii]. 2021. Vol. 30, No. 6. P. 121–131. (In Rus.)De Boer H., Jongbloed B., Enders J. and others. Progress in Higher Education Reform across Europe: Governance Reform. 2013. Vol. 1. Executive Summary Main Report.Henkel, M. Academic Identity and Autonomy in a Changing Policy Environment. Higher Education. 2005. Vol. 49 (1). P. 155–176.Dougherty K. J., Natow R. S. Performance-Based Funding for Higher Education: How Well Does Neoliberal Theory Capture Neoliberal Practice? Higher Education. 2020. Vol. 80. P. 457–478.Karran, T., Mallinson, L. Academic Freedom and World-Class Universities: A Virtuous Circle? Higher Education Policy. 2019. Vol. 32 (3). P. 397–417.Henkel M. Academic Identity and Autonomy in a Changing Policy Environment. Higher Education. 2005. Vol. 49 (1). P. 155–176.Knott, J., Payne, A. A. The Impact of State Governance Structures on Management and Performance of Public Organizations: A Study of Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2004. Vol. 23 (1). P. 13–30.Karran T., Mallinson L. Academic Freedom and World-Class Universities: A Virtuous Circle? Higher Education Policy. 2019. Vol. 32 (3). P. 397–417.Kouzminov, Ya., Yudkevich, M. Academic Freedom and the Standards of Behavior [Akademicheskaya svoboda i standarty povedeniya]. Economic Issues [Voprosy Ekonomiki]. 2007 (6). P. 80–93. (In Rus.)Knott J., Payne A. A. The Impact of State Governance Structures on Management and Performance of Public Organizations: A Study of Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2004. Vol. 23 (1). P. 13–30.Li, J. Autonomy, Governance and the Chinese University 3.0: A Zhong-Yong Model from Comparative, Cultural and Contemporary Perspectives. The China Quarterly. 2020. No. 244.Li J. Autonomy, Governance and the Chinese University 3.0: A Zhong–Yong Model from Comparative, Cultural and Contemporary Perspectives. The China Quarterly. 2020. No. 244.Macheridis, N., Paulsson, A. Tracing Accountability in Higher Education. Research in Education, 2021 February. doi 10.1177/0034523721993143Macheridis N., Paulsson A. Tracing Accountability in Higher Education. Research in Education, 2021 February. doi 10.1177/0034523721993143Nickolskiy, V. University Autonomy and Academic Freedom [Universitetskaya avtonomiya i akademicheskaya svoboda]. Higher Education in Russia [Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii]. 2008 (6). P. 147–155. (In Rus.)Nixon J. Higher Education and the Public Good: Imagining the University. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010.Nixon, J. Higher Education and the Public Good: Imagining the University. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010.Nokkala T., Bladh A. Institutional Autonomy and Academic Freedom in the Nordic Context — Similarities and Differences. Higher Education Policy. 2014. Vol. 27 (1). P. 1–21.Nokkala, T., Bladh, A. Institutional Autonomy and Academic Freedom in the Nordic Context — Similarities and Differences. Higher Education Policy. 2014. Vol. 27 (1). P. 1–21.Sporn B. Governance and Administration. International handbook of Higher Education. Part One. Altbach P., Forest J. Dordrecht : Springer. 2006. P. 141–157.Sporn, B. Governance and Administration. International Handbook of Higher Education. Part One. Altbach, P., Forest, J. Dordrecht : Springer. 2006. P. 141–157.Simpson C., Marinov M. The Global Market Paradox of Stakeholder and Educational Values in Higher Education. (Re) Discovering University Autonom. Ed. by Turcan R. V., Reilly J. E., Bugaian L. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. P. 73–84.Simpson, C., Marinov, M. The Global Market Paradox of Stakeholder and Educational Values in Higher Education. (Re) Discovering University Autonomy ed. Turcan, R. V., Reilly, J. E., Bugaian, L. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. P. 73–84.Pettit P. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press.1997.Pettit, P. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 1997.Pettit P. On the People’s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press. 2012.Pettit, P. On the People’s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2012.Schofer E., Meyer J. W. The Worldwide Expansion of Higher Education in the Twentieth Century. American Sociological Review. 2005. Vol. 70 (6). P. 898–920.Schofer, E., Meyer, J. W. The Worldwide Expansion of Higher Education in the Twentieth Century. American Sociological Review. 2005. Vol. 70 (6). P. 898–920.Schwartz M., Bowen W. The Chief Purpose of Universities: Academic Discourse and Diversity of Ideas. Urban Affairs Books. 2010.Schwartz, M., Bowen, W. The Chief Purpose of Universities: Academic Discourse and Diversity of Ideas. Urban Affairs Books. 2010.Silvernail K. D., Graso M., Salvador R. O and others. Perceived Fairness of Faculty Governance: A Study of 51 Countries. Higher Education, 2021 April.Silvernail, K. D., Graso, M., Salvador, R. O and others. Perceived Fairness of Faculty Governance: A Study of 51 Countries. Higher Education, 2021 April.Skinner Q. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press.1998.Skinner, Q. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press,1998.Skinner Q. A Third Concept of Liberty. Proceedings of the British Academy. 2002. Vol. 117. P. 237–268.Skinner, Q. A Third Concept of Liberty. Proceedings of the British Academy. 2002. Vol. 117. P. 237–268.Sulkowski L. Accountability of University: Transition of Public Higher Education. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship at the Cracow University of Economics. 2016. Vol. 4 (1). P. 9–21.Sulkowski, L. Accountability of University: Transition of Public Higher Education. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship at the Cracow University of Economics. 2016. Vol. 4 (1). P. 9–21.Tilak J. B. G. Higher Education: A Public Good or a Commodity for Trade? Prospects. 2008. Vol. 38 (4). P. 449–466.Tilak, J. B. G. Higher Education: A Public Good or a Commodity for Trade? Prospects. 2008. Vol. 38 (4). P. 449–466.Xuesong G., Yongyan Z. Heavy Mountains’ for Chinese Humanities and Social Science Academics in the Quest for World-Class Universities. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 2020. No. 50:4. P. 554–572.Xuesong, G., Yongyan, Z. Heavy Mountains’ for Chinese Humanities and Social Science Academics in the Quest for World-Class Universities. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 2020. No. 50:4. P. 554–572.Zgaga P. Reconsidering University Autonomy and Governance: From Academic Freedom to Institutional Autonomy. University Governance and Reform: Policy, Fads, and Experience in International Perspective. Ed. by Schuetze H. G., Bruneau W., Grosjean G. International and Development Education. New York : Palgrave Macmillan U S. 2012. P. 11–22.Zgaga, P. Reconsidering University Autonomy and Governance: From Academic Freedom to Institutional Autonomy. University Governance and Reform: Policy, Fads, and Experience in International Perspective. Ed. by Schuetze, H. G., Bruneau, W., Grosjean, G. International and Development Education. New York : Palgrave Macmillan U S. 2012. P. 11–22.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.